Self-Report MeasuresPrimary QuestionnairesStress Coping (Brief-COPE)
Stress coping was measured with the 28-question Brief-COPE, which is designed to measure a broad range of coping responses to a stressful event, including how individuals confront, react to, and feel about the event (Carver, 1997). This questionnaire includes 14 different coping strategies, each of which is asked about in two different ways. Those strategies are: (1) Self-distraction, (2) Active Coping (3) Denial, (4) Substance Use, (5) Use of Emotional Support, (6) Use of Instrumental Support, (7) Behavioral Disengagement, (8) Venting, (9) Positive Reframing, (10) Planning, (11) Humor, (12) Acceptance, (13) Religion, and (14) Self-blame. Possible scores for each coping strategy range from 2–8, with higher scores indicating greater use of that particular strategy. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
Perceived stress was measured with the 10-question Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), which is designed to measure how individuals judge stressful situations in their life (Cohen et al., 1983). These questions are designed to assess how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overwhelming people find their lives (Cohen & Williamson 1988). Possible scores range from 0–40. Higher scores indicate higher stress levels. Scores of 0–13 indicate low perceived stress, scores of 14–26 indicate moderate perceived stress, and scores of 27–40 indicate high perceived stress. PTSD (PCL-5)
PTSD symptomatology was measured with the 20-question PTSD Checklist (PCL-5), which is designed to measure the 20 symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress disorder described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; Blevins, Weathers, Davis, Witte, & Domino, 2015). It is often used to screen individuals for, monitor symptoms of, and make provisional diagnoses of PTSD. In the CCC Study, we administered the civilian PTSD checklist, without reference to a particular traumatic event. Possible total scores range from 0-80. Higher scores indicate greater PTSD symptom severity. Trait Anxiety (STAI-T)
Anxiety was measured with the 20-question trait portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), which is designed to measures the presence, severity, and likelihood of trait anxiety (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983). Possible scores range from 20-80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety. Depression (CES–D)
Depression symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiology Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, which consists of 20 questions designed to measure the symptoms associated with depression, including sleep quality, appetite, and feelings of loneliness among others (Radloff, 1977). Possible scores range from 0-60. Higher scores indicate greater depressive symptoms. Scores over 16 identify individuals at risk for clinical depression, but are not diagnostic. Loneliness (ULS)
Loneliness was measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS), which consists of 3 questions designed to measure an individual’s feelings of loneliness (Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2004). Possible scores range from 3–9. Higher scores indicate greater loneliness. Social Connectedness
Social connection was measured using the Social Connectedness aspect of the Mental Health Statistics Improvement Program (MHSIP) Adult Consumer Satisfaction Survey (Shafer and Ang, 2018), which consists of 4 questions designed to measure an individual’s social connectedness. The presence of “natural supports” such as family, friends, and acquaintances are some factors that gauge social connectedness. Possible scores range from 4-20. Lower scores indicate greater social connectedness. Resilience (CD-RISC)
Resilience was measured using the 10-question Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), which is designed to measure psychological resilience (Campbell-Sills & Stein, 2007). Possible scores range from 0–40. Higher scores reflect greater resilience. Posttraumatic Growth (PTGI)
Post-traumatic growth was measured with the 21-question Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), which is designed to measure positive outcomes reported by people who have experienced traumatic events (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). Possible total scores range from 0–105, with higher scores indicating greater growth. This questionnaire also includes five subcategories of growth with the following ranges: 1) relating to others (0–35); 2) new possibilities (0–25); 3) personal strength (0–20); 4) spiritual change (0–10); and 5) appreciation of life (0–15). Higher scores indicate greater growth in each domain. Well-being (MHC-SF)
Well-being was measured with the 14-question Mental Health Continuum “short form” (MHC-SF), which is a shorter version of the Mental Health Continuum questionnaire designed to measure 3 aspects of well-being: emotional, social, and psychological (Lamers et al., 2011). The MHC-SF consists of 3 questions about emotional well-being, 5 questions about social well-being, and 6 questions about psychological well-being. Possible total scores range from 0–70. Three subscale scores may also be calculated: emotional well-being (0–15), social well-being (0–25), and psychological well-being (0–30). Higher scores indicate greater well-being. Weekly Inventories and Journaling ExercisesComing soon.
Secondary QuestionnairesComing soon.
Other Study Materials
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